Chapter 01
Introduction to Psychology

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Psychology is defined as the:
 
A. intuition-based approach to study human behavior.
B. speculative method to find answers about human cognition.
C. study of mental disorders and their treatment.
D. scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define psychology
Learning Outcome: 1-1
Topic: Definition of Psychology

2. Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studying:
 
A. internal medicine.
B. behavior and mental processes.
C. mental disorders and their diagnosis and treatment.
D. the disorders of the central nervous system.

APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define psychology
Learning Outcome: 1-1
Topic: Definition of Psychology

3. A single-sentence definition of psychology may be misleading because:
 
A. it is very difficult to study the mind and behavior scientifically.
B. psychology is a narrower, more specific field than a general definition might suggest.
C. psychologists disagree on how broad psychology should really be.
D. the discipline of psychology really has no core or center.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define psychology
Learning Outcome: 1-1
Topic: Definition of Psychology

4. Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of psychology?
 
A. Obfuscation
B. Description
C. Prediction
D. Explanation

APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 2.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define psychology
Learning Outcome: 1-1
Topic: Definition of Psychology

5. In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists:
 
A. rely on the scientific method.
B. use their intuition.
C. rely on the study of internal medicine.
D. use speculation.

APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 2.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define psychology
Learning Outcome: 1-1
Topic: Definition of Psychology

6. In what way are the diverse subfields of psychology related?
 
A. They allow psychologists to explain different types of behavior in the same way.
B. They ultimately share a common goal.
C. They always lead to an M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) degree.
D. They are not related at all other than being considered part of psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

7. Dr. Alvarez studies how the degeneration of certain components of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. Dr. Alvarez's work BEST exemplifies the _____ subfield of psychology.
 
A. cognitive
B. experimental
C. developmental
D. behavioral neuroscience

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 4.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

8. Which of the following branches of psychology studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world?
 
A. Behavioral neuroscience
B. Developmental psychology
C. Experimental psychology
D. Health psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

9. Which of the following subfields of psychology is INCORRECTLY matched with its description?
 
A. Behavioral neuroscience: examines the relationship between the nervous system and behavior
B. Cognitive: examines how people grow and change from conception through death
C. Experimental: examines the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking
D. Clinical: deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

10. Which of the following subfields of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a sample topic?
 
A. Behavioral neuroscience: the influence of chronic stress on physical health
B. Developmental psychology: the effectiveness of drug therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder
C. Cognitive psychology: the influence of an event on people's thinking
D. Health psychology: the role that frustration plays in producing aggression

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

11. How are cognitive and experimental psychology related?
 
A. They are the same.
B. They are two completely distinct subfields of psychology.
C. Cognitive psychology is part of experimental psychology.
D. Experimental psychology is part of cognitive psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

12. _____ psychology focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.
 
A. Developmental
B. Personality
C. Clinical
D. Cognitive

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2

13. Why is the term experimental psychologist considered somewhat misleading?
 
A. Psychologists in every subfield use the experimental method.
B. The term is no longer in existence.
C. Most psychological topics are not suited to experimental study.
D. Experimental methods are only appropriate to the study of the biological bases of behavior.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

14. Developmental psychology:
 
A. focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
B. studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death.
C. focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.
D. deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

15. Personality psychology:
 
A. focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
B. focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another.
C. focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.
D. deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

16. Dr. Chen studies how people grow and change during late adolescence and young adulthood. Dr. Doherty focuses on several traits that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Chen is a(n) _____ psychologist; Dr. Doherty is a _____.
 
A. experimental psychologist; cognitive psychologist
B. health psychologist; clinical psychologist
C. developmental psychologist; personality psychologist
D. clinical psychologist; counseling psychologist

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

17. Dr. Ebrahim examines how children's friendships change through elementary and middle-school years. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) _____ psychologist.
 
A. clinical
B. evolutionary
C. experimental
D. developmental

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

18. At a conference on terrorism research, a panel of psychologists is discussing suicide bombers. Dr. Gerami outlines the role of charismatic leaders in encouraging the actions of suicide bombers. Dr. Hespeler argues that sometimes suicide bombing may be seen as a rational response to a particular system of beliefs. Finally, Dr. Islington reviews the internal traits associated with suicide bombing. Which of the following alternatives BEST identifies the subfields in which each of these psychologists probably specializes?
 
A. Dr. Gerami: personality psychology; Dr. Hespeler: cross-cultural psychology; Dr. Islington: social psychology
B. Dr. Gerami: social psychology; Dr. Hespeler: personality psychology; Dr. Islington: cross-cultural psychology
C. Dr. Gerami: social psychology; Dr. Hespeler: cross-cultural psychology; Dr. Islington: personality psychology
D. Dr. Gerami: cross-cultural psychology; Dr. Hespeler: experimental psychology; Dr. Islington: personality psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

19. Enterprise City has been hard hit by a recent economic downturn. Local psychologists are holding a public workshop to help the citizens cope with the adversity. Dr. Kurutz is outlining strategies to help adults who have been laid off avoid overeating and the use of drugs or alcohol. Dr. Kurutz is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
 
A. experimental
B. cross-cultural
C. social
D. health

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

20. Which branch of psychology explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease?
 
A. Developmental psychology
B. Health psychology
C. Perceptual psychology
D. Clinical neuropsychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

21. How do clinical and counseling psychology differ?
 
A. Clinical psychology requires more advanced study than does counseling psychology.
B. Clinical psychologists have a PhD or an MD degree, whereas counseling psychologists have a PsyD degree.
C. Counseling psychologists deal with problems that are more specific than the problems that clinical psychologists deal with.
D. Clinical and counseling psychology are synonymous.

APA Outcome: 1.3
APA Outcome: 4.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

22. Fiona helps students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop effective study regimens and strategies. Fiona is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
 
A. health
B. experimental
C. developmental
D. counseling

APA Outcome: 1.3
APA Outcome: 4.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

23. Counseling psychologists are more likely than clinical psychologists to practice in:
 
A. hospitals.
B. laboratories.
C. offices.
D. colleges.

APA Outcome: 1.3
APA Outcome: 4.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

24. Dr. Growe is reading about a research study in which psychologists investigated the effect of group size on the conformity of group members. Dr. Growe is most likely reading the Journal of _____ Psychology.
 
A. Developmental
B. Social
C. Counseling
D. Evolutionary

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

25. Social psychology:
 
A. focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
B. deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.
C. investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.
D. is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

26. _____ psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, liking and loving, persuasion, and conformity.
 
A. Counseling
B. Social
C. Evolutionary
D. Clinical

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

27. Which of the following is NOT one of the three newer branches of psychology's family tree?
 
A. Counseling psychology
B. Behavioral genetics
C. Evolutionary psychology
D. Clinical neuropsychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

28. Evolutionary psychologists are especially interested in:
 
A. how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
B. how physical characteristics have a genetic basis.
C. how thought and behavior are influenced by the structure of the brain.
D. how personality traits and social behavior vary across cultures.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

29. Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species was published in _____.
 
A. 1529
B. 1739
C. 1859
D. 1939

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

30. In what way, if any, do evolutionary psychologists go beyond Darwin's arguments?
 
A. They suggest that culture influences the nature of behavioral and mental processes.
B. They argue that our genetic heritage influences our physical characteristics.
C. They argue that our genetic inheritance determines aspects of our personality and social behavior.
D. They do not go beyond Darwin's original arguments.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

31. Dr. Lin and Dr. Marino both study obesity. Dr. Lin relates the likelihood of obesity to levels of the trait of neuroticism—the tendency to experience upsetting emotions. Dr. Marino relates obesity to the frequency with which individuals eat alone, with family members, or in the presence of larger groups of friends, acquaintances, or strangers. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE regarding the subfields in which the researchers specialize?
 
A. Dr. Marino is a social psychologist.
B. Dr. Lin is a social psychologist.
C. Dr. Marino is a personality psychologist.
D. Dr. Lin is a behavioral psychologist.

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

32. Central State University's Department of Psychology is considering expanding its doctoral program to include an additional specialty. The department wants to focus on a "growth" area likely to attract federal research funding as well as up-and-coming new faculty and bright, passionate graduate students. Which of the following specialties should the department consider most closely? 
A. Developmental psychology
B. Evolutionary psychology
C. Perceptual psychology
D. Clinical neuropsychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

33. What might be the most controversial aspect of the evolutionary psychology position?
 
A. They hold the notion that our evolutionary heritage influences our physical characteristics.
B. They promote the idea that our evolutionary heritage might influence aspects of our behavioral and mental processes.
C. Evolutionary psychologists downplay the influence of biological inheritance on thought and behavior.
D. Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

34. Which of the following areas of psychology focuses on the biological mechanisms that enable inherited behavior to unfold?
 
A. Clinical neuropsychology
B. Behavioral genetics
C. Cognitive psychology
D. Experimental psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

35. Which of the following areas is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
 
A. Evolutionary psychology: focuses on the biological mechanisms enabling inherited behavior to unfold
B. Behavioral genetics: considers how our behavior is influenced by our genetic heritage from our ancestors
C. Clinical neuropsychology: focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders
D. Cross-cultural psychology: examines the genetic basis of behavioral disorders

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

36. Dr. Hart investigates how depressive disorders are related to levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Dr. Hart's research falls within the field of:
 
A. clinical neuropsychology.
B. behavioral genetics.
C. cognitive psychology.
D. experimental psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 4.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

37. Clinical neuropsychology:
 
A. focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
B. considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
C. seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits.
D. focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

38. Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology. All else being equal, in which of the following settings is she most likely to find employment?
 
A. A college/university
B. The military
C. A hospital
D. A large business corporation

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

39. The local state university has opened a new center devoted to the study and treatment of obesity, a major public health problem in the area. Dr. Nolan is researching the potential of a drug that influences the activity of hunger centers in the brain's hypothalamus. Dr. Osterman attempts to uncover the unconscious conflicts that may spur compulsive eating. Which of the following statements best describes the orientations of these two psychologists?
 
A. Dr. Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist; Dr. Osterman is a psychodynamic psychologist.
B. Dr. Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist; Dr. Osterman is a counseling psychologist.
C. Dr. Nolan is a social psychologist; Dr. Osterman is a humanistic psychologist.
D. Dr. Nolan is a behavioral psychologist; Dr. Osterman is a psychodynamic psychologist.

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 4.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Profession of Psychology

40. Approximately how many psychologists are there in the United States?
 
A. 50,000
B. 100,000
C. 300,000
D. 600,000

APA Outcome: 2.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

41. Currently, women earn _____ of new psychology doctorate degrees in the United States.
 
A. one-tenth
B. half
C. three-fourth
D. ninety percent

APA Outcome: 5.5
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

42. Which figure best approximates the percentage of American psychologists who belong to racial minority groups?
 
A. 6%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 32%

APA Outcome: 5.5
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

43. Which of the following statements concerning the representation of racial and ethnic minorities among American psychologists is TRUE?
 
A. The number of minority members entering the field is about the same as it was 10 years ago.
B. The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 years ago.
C. The increase in the number of degrees awarded to minority members has outpaced the growth of the minority population.
D. The number of minority members entering the field has decreased over the years.

APA Outcome: 5.5
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

44. Today, around _____% of new master's degrees and _____% of new doctorate degrees are awarded to people of color. 
A. 50; 15
B. 20; 16
C. 32; 8
D. 50; 25

APA Outcome: 5.5
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

45. How is the diversity of psychology limited in the United States?
 
A. Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented among psychologists.
B. The majority of psychologists are male.
C. Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countries combined.
D. Most research is conducted outside the United States.

APA Outcome: 5.5
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

46. Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to be a psychologist?
 
A. Dionne, who holds a PhD degree
B. Everett, who has an MD degree
C. Fallon, who graduated with a PsyD degree
D. Melinda who has written a dissertation on drug abuse and is now teaching at a university

APA Outcome: 4.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

47. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between PhD and the PsyD degrees?
 
A. A PhD requires more years of study than a PsyD.
B. A PhD requires a dissertation based on an original investigation.
C. Fewer people earn a PhD than a PsyD.
D. A PhD is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus exclusively on the treatment of psychological disorders.

APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

48. Callie works in the field of psychology. All else being equal, there is about a _____chance that her highest degree is a master's degree.
 
A. fifth
B. fourth
C. third
D. sixth

APA Outcome: 2.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

49. Kristen is a psychology major. Immediately following graduation, she will most likely:
 
A. join the workforce.
B. feel that her job is unrelated to her psychology background.
C. continue to graduate school.
D. remain unemployed.

APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

50. Psychology majors are highly valued by employers because they can:
 
A. strategize effectively.
B. think critically.
C. help other workers with their personal problems.
D. communicate effectively with their co-workers.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

51. The most common employment sector for students graduating with a bachelor's degree in psychology is _____.
 
A. education
B. business
C. the local government
D. social services

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

52. The field of phrenology is associated with:
 
A. Gall.
B. Wundt.
C. Descartes.
D. Ebbinghaus.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Profession of Psychology

53. _____ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates" and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become.
 
A. Locke
B. Plato
C. Wundt
D. Descartes

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

54. The phrase tabula rasa may be translated as:
 
A. red tablet.
B. raised table.
C. new table.
D. blank slate.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

55. The formal beginning of psychology is associated with:
 
A. Wundt.
B. James.
C. Descartes.
D. Ebbinghaus.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

56. Which of the following locations is associated with the formal beginning of psychology?
 
A. China
B. Germany
C. Spain
D. England

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: History of Psychology

57. Wundt began operating the first psychology lab in _____.
 
A. 1459
B. 1739
C. 1879
D. 1902

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: History of Psychology

58. It is the year 2029. At the American Psychological Association's annual conference, a special keynote address commemorates the 150th anniversary of a historic event in psychology's early days. Which of the following is the event celebrated in the address?
 
A. Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory
B. Charles Darwin's publication of the On the Origin of Species
C. G. S. Hall's founding of the American Psychological Association
D. Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: History of Psychology

59. Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the _____ perspective in psychology.
 
A. functionalist
B. prescriptive
C. structuralist
D. humanistic

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Perspectives in Psychology

60. _____ is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.
 
A. Inner perception
B. Introspection
C. Internal observation
D. Intervention

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

61. Lassandra takes a sip of cola. "Sweet...cold, wet, tingly...slightly bitter," she reports. Lassandra is:
 
A. introspecting.
B. demonstrating functionalism.
C. defining umami.
D. taking an intelligence test.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

62. Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection?
 
A. Introspection was a complicated process.
B. Introspection was time consuming.
C. Introspection was too simplistic.
D. Introspection was not truly scientific.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

63. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective of psychology?
 
A. The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.
B. The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones.
C. The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology.
D. The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat, but it still remains influential today.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

64. Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology?
 
A. Behaviorism
B. Humanism
C. Functionalism
D. Gestalt psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

65. _____ is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.
 
A. Structuralism
B. Functionalism
C. Introspection
D. Gestalt psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

66. A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held, sometime at the dawn of the 20th century. The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field are most likely _____, whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably _____.
 
A. structuralists; functionalists
B. functionalists; developmentalists
C. humanists; structuralists
D. humanists; functionalists

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

67. In the context of the psychology of emotion, William James and John Dewey would be most interested in:
 
A. the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience.
B. the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.
C. how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment.
D. the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

68. Which of the following psychologists is associated with functionalism?
 
A. William James
B. Max Wertheimer
C. Hermann Ebbinghaus
D. Wilhelm Wundt

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

69. Gestalt psychology may be seen as a reaction to _____.
 
A. the psychodynamic perspective
B. humanism
C. functionalism
D. structuralism

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Structuralism

70. Which of the following approaches to psychology might have been most likely to remind the audience that "the whole is different than the sum of the parts"?
 
A. Phrenology
B. Functionalism
C. Structuralism
D. Gestalt psychology

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

71. The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of:
 
A. memory.
B. perception.
C. emotion.
D. motivation.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

72. Which perspective below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
 
A. Structuralism: emphasized what the mind does
B. Functionalism: emphasized the elements of mental experience
C. Humanism: emphasized the unconscious determinants of behavior
D. Gestalt psychology: emphasized the organization of perception

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

73. Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history. One panel is headed "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s. Another panel is titled "The Roaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s. Which theoretical perspectives in psychology should appear in each of these panels?
 
A. Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychology
B. Gay '90s: behaviorism; Roaring '20s: structuralism
C. Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: behaviorism
D. Gay '90s: Gestalt psychology; Roaring '20s: structuralism

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

74. Which of the following figures best approximates the number of major perspectives in psychology?
 
A. One or two
B. About five
C. A dozen or so
D. As many as there are psychologists

APA Outcome: 1.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Perspectives in Psychology

75. The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions is known as the _____ perspective.
 
A. psychodynamic
B. nature-nurture
C. cognitive
D. neuroscience

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Neuroscience Perspective

76. The neuroscience perspective:
 
A. suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior.
B. focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.
C. considers how people and nonhumans function biologically.
D. argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Neuroscience Perspective

77. Which contemporary perspective is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
 
A. Psychodynamic perspective: emphasizes the automatic response of an individual to environmental stimuli
B. Humanistic perspective: emphasizes how people know, understand, and think about the world
C. Behavioral perspective: emphasizes observable behavior and objectivity
D. Neuroscience perspective: emphasizes that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Behavioral Perspective

78. Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control. This viewpoint is most consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.
 
A. psychodynamic
B. humanistic
C. cognitive
D. neuroscience

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Psychodynamic Perspective

79. To many people who have never taken a psychology course, psychology begins and ends with the _____ perspective.
 
A. neuroscience
B. behavioral
C. cognitive
D. psychodynamic

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Psychodynamic Perspective

80. Contributions of the psychodynamic perspective include all of the following EXCEPT:
 
A. a way to understand and treat certain types of psychological disorders.
B. a way to understand such phenomena as prejudice and aggression.
C. a revolutionary effect on 20th-century thinking not only in psychology but in related fields as well.
D. a way to look at behavior in a more concrete, objective fashion.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Psychodynamic Perspective

81. Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.
 
A. psychodynamic
B. behavioral
C. cognitive
D. neuroscience

APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 4.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Behavioral Perspective

82. Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand the world. Which option below CORRECTLY identifies their respective perspectives?
 
A. Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—cognitive perspective
B. Dr. Greenway—cognitive perspective; Dr. Cech—behavioral perspective
C. Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspective
D. Dr. Greenway—psychodynamic perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspective

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Behavioral Perspective

83. Which psychologist is INCORRECTLY matched with an associated perspective?
 
A. Abraham Maslow: humanistic
B. Sigmund Freud: psychodynamic
C. Karen Horney: cognitive
D. B.F. Skinner: behavioral

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

84. Which of the following psychologists is associated with the behavioral perspective?
 
A. Rogers
B. Skinner
C. Maslow
D. Hollingworth

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Behavioral Perspective

85. The computer metaphor is at the heart of the _____ perspective.
 
A. cognitive
B. neuroscience
C. behavioral
D. humanistic

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

86. The cognitive perspective is said to have evolved in part from the _____ perspective in early psychology and to represent a reaction to _____.
 
A. structuralist; humanism
B. structuralist; behaviorism
C. humanist; behaviorism
D. humanist; functionalism

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

87. Driving to work one day, Owen suspects that drivers talking on their cell phones pay less attention to the road than do other drivers. This hypothesis would most likely be tested by a _____ psychologist.
 
A. behavioral
B. humanistic
C. cognitive
D. psychodynamic

APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

88. The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces, unconscious processes, or the environment. In other words, it rejects the _____, _____, and _____ perspectives, respectively.
 
A. cognitive; psychodynamic; behavioral
B. neuroscience; cognitive; behavioral
C. cognitive; psychodynamic; neuroscience
D. neuroscience; psychodynamic; behavioral

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Neuroscience Perspective

89. The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on:
 
A. free will.
B. environmental determinism.
C. natural selection.
D. unconscious motives.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

90. Free will stands in contrast to _____.
 
A. naturism
B. unconscious motives
C. determinism
D. natural selection

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

91. Dr. Petrovic tries to help his clients see how their behavior reflects choices they have made. He is most likely a _____ therapist.
 
A. psychodynamic
B. clinical neuroscience
C. humanistic
D. gestalt

APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 4.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

92. Psychologists adhering to the _____ perspective are probably the LEAST likely to take a "nature" stance on the nature vs. nurture issue.
 
A. behaviorist
B. cognitive
C. neuroscience
D. evolutionary

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

93. Which of the following perspectives of psychology emphasizes observable responses?
 
A. Behavioral
B. Cognitive
C. Neuroscience
D. Psychodynamic

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

94. Recall Watson's quote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors." If 1 = extreme nature and 10 = extreme nurture, where would you place Watson on the nature vs. nurture issue?
 
A. 1 or 2
B. 3 or 4
C. 5 or 6
D. 9 or 10

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

95. Dr. Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students. He asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the students have experienced. This statement is most directly related to the _____ issue; Dr. Quinones' position is toward the _____ end of the continuum.
 
A. nature vs. nurture; nature
B. nature vs. nurture; nurture
C. observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; observable behavior
D. observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; internal mental processes

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

96. Dr. Reynolds believes that depression reflects aspects of a patient's early relationship with her parents of which she may be completely unaware. Dr. Smith, by contrast, argues that depression stems from a patient's negative self-talk. The two psychologists appear to disagree on the _____ issue.
 
A. nature vs. nurture
B. conscious vs. unconscious causes
C. free will vs. determinism
D. structuralism vs. functionalism

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

97. _____ is the idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.
 
A. Naturism
B. Vigilantism
C. Determinism
D. Factualism

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

98. Individual differences are to universal principles what the _____ perspective is to the _____ perspective.
 
A. neuroscience; humanistic
B. cognitive; behavioral
C. humanistic; neuroscience
D. behavioral; cognitive

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

99. Rob is a 16-year-old American student; Yoon-Sook is a 16-year-old Asian student. Rob and Yoon-Sook, respectively, are likely to attribute academic success to _____ and _____.
 
A. unchanging causes; situational factors
B. effort; natural ability
C. effort; situational factors
D. natural ability; unchanging causes

APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

100. Race is to ethnicity what _____ is to _____.
 
A. the individual; biology
B. biology; culture
C. culture; biology
D. the individual; culture

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

101. Which of the following is NOT a likely trend in psychology's near future?
 
A. Psychology will become increasingly specialized.
B. Neuroscientific approaches will have an increasing influence on psychology.
C. Psychology will become an increasingly unified discipline.
D. Diversity will assume increasing importance in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Topic: Psychology's Future

102. Pablo is taking part in a psychology experiment. He watches two political campaign ads—one highlighting the candidate's positive attributes and another emphasizing the opponent's negative features. During each ad, Pablo's brain is scanned. This experiment is most likely conducted by a _____ neuroscientist.
 
A. clinical
B. social
C. behavioral
D. counseling

APA Outcome: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

103. Strategies aimed at encouraging one to examine assumptions, evaluate assertions, and think more carefully are specifically called _____ techniques.
 
A. normative
B. description-based
C. chunking
D. critical thinking

APA Outcome: 3.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

Worksheet Questions

104. Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes.
 
APA Outcome: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define psychology
Learning Outcome: 1-1
Topic: Definition of Psychology

105. Dr. Thibodeaux examines sensory, learning, and cognitive processes. She is a(n) experimental psychologist.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

106. Ursula is interested in helping students develop effective study practices and manage test anxiety. Her advisor suggests that she consider a career in counseling psychology.

107. Consider the fields of evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics, and clinical neuropsychology. Of these three fields, evolutionary psychology is the least specific in its focus.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Evolutionary Psychology

108. The relatively new field of clinical neuropsychology unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Profession of Psychology

109. Most psychologists have a doctorate, either a PhD or a(n) PsyD.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

110. Of the two degrees, PhD and PsyD, the less research-oriented is the PsyD.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

111. Associated with William James, the functionalist perspective focused on what the mind does.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

112. The psychodynamic perspective originated in the work of Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Psychodynamic Perspective

113. The behavioral perspective was championed by B. F. Skinner.

APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Behavioral Perspective

114. The cognitive perspective focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

115. According to the cognitive perspective, thinking is similar to information processing by a computer.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

116. Many psychologists who adhere to the cognitive perspective compare human thinking to the workings of a(n) computer.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

117. Wanda is a humanistic psychologist who believes that behavior reflects an individual's own choices—that is, she endorses the notion of free will.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Cognitive Perspective

118. The humanistic perspective is explicit in its rejection of determinism, the notion that behavior is caused by factors outside the individual's control.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

119. Clinical psychologists adopting a psychodynamic perspective argue that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

120. While neuroscientists tend to seek universal principles of behavior, humanistic psychologists are more interested in individual differences.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

121. Ethnicity is a broad term that refers to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

APA Outcome: 1.1
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

122. Dr. Young activates social stereotypes his participants might hold; simultaneously, he records changes in the brain's electrical activity. Dr. Young is part of an evolving field known as social neuroscience.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Topic: Psychology's Future

123. Strategies enabling one to scrutinize assumptions, evaluate assertions, and think more carefully are called critical thinking techniques.
 
APA Outcome: 3.1
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Topic: Psychology's Future

 
Essay Questions

124. Dr. MacGyvers is a developmental psychologist, Dr. Cooper is a cross-cultural psychologist, and Dr. Breaux is a cognitive psychologist. For each of these psychologists, briefly define the subfield in which he or she specializes and suggest one issue or question in which he or she might be especially interested.
Students' suggestions may vary.
Developmental psychology—examines how people grow and change throughout the life span. Sample issue or question: how children's problem-solving abilities change through the elementary and middle-school years.
Cross-cultural psychology—examines the similarities and differences in psychological functioning among various cultures. Sample issue or question: whether depression is experienced and expressed differently in Asian cultures than in western cultures.
Cognitive psychology—studies higher mental processes, such as memory, thinking, problem solving, decision making, and language. Sample issue or question: how memory of an event is influenced by subsequent experiences.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define psychology
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Definition of Psychology
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

125. Evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics, and clinical neuropsychology are three growing fields on the frontiers of today's psychology. Briefly describe each of these fields and suggest a topic that a psychologist in each might investigate.
Students' suggestions may vary.
Evolutionary psychology—examines how behavior reflects our genetic heritage. Sample issue or question: the evolutionary basis of gender differences in mate selection preferences.
Behavioral genetics—explores the genetic mechanisms that allow inherited behavior to unfold. Sample issue or question: the chromosomal abnormalities that might underlie certain learning disabilities.
Clinical neuropsychology—focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors. Sample topic: brain chemistry abnormalities underlying bipolar disorder.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-2
Topic: Subfields of Psychology

126. Briefly, in 1–2 paragraphs, discuss the under representation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists in the United States and the significance this may have on the field as a whole. Please provide one possible example that illustrates the effects this may have.
Students' examples may vary.
The vast majority of psychologists in the United States are white, limiting the diversity of the field. Only 6% of all psychologists are members of racial minority groups. Although the number of minority individuals entering the field is higher than a decade ago, the numbers have not kept up with the dramatic growth of the minority population at large. The underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is significant for several reasons. First, the field of psychology is diminished by a lack of the diverse perspectives and talents that minority-group members can provide.
Furthermore, minority-group psychologists serve as role models for members of minority communities, and their underrepresentation in the profession might deter other minority-group members from entering the field. Finally, because members of minority groups often prefer to receive psychological therapy from treatment providers of their own race or ethnic group, the rarity of minority psychologists can discourage some members of minority groups from seeking treatment.
 
APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

127. Briefly discuss what types of education level, or degree, different types of psychologists have and how many years one might expect to invest earning said degrees. Does the area of psychology one is interested in working in dictate the level of schooling required? Please provide two examples that relate area of work interest and degree necessary to illustrate your statements.
Students' examples may vary.
Most psychologists have a doctorate, either a PhD (doctor of philosophy) or, less frequently, a PsyD (doctor of psychology). The PhD is a research degree that requires a dissertation based on an original investigation. The PsyD is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus on the treatment of psychological disorders. (Psychologists are distinct from psychiatrists, who have a medical degree and specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, often using treatments that involve the prescription of drugs.)
Both the PhD and the PsyD typically take 4 or 5 years of work past the bachelor's level. Some fields of psychology involve education beyond the doctorate. For instance, doctoral-level clinical psychologists, who deal with people with psychological disorders, typically spend an additional year doing an internship.
About a third of people working in the field of psychology have a master's degree as their highest degree, which they earn after 2 or 3 years of graduate work.
These psychologists teach, provide therapy, conduct research, or work in specialized programs dealing with drug abuse or crisis intervention. Some work in universities, government, and business, collecting and analyzing data.
 
APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

128. What are the career options available to psychology majors?
Although some psychology majors head for graduate school in psychology or an unrelated field, the majority join the workforce immediately after graduation. Most report that the jobs they take after graduation are related to their psychology background.
An undergraduate major in psychology provides excellent preparation for a variety of occupations. Because undergraduates who specialize in psychology develop good analytical skills, are trained to think critically, and are able to synthesize and evaluate information well, employers in business, industry, and the government value their preparation.
The most common areas of employment for psychology majors are in the social services, including working as an administrator, serving as a counselor, and providing direct care. Some 20% of recipients of bachelor's degrees in psychology work in the social services or in some other form of public affairs. In addition, psychology majors often enter the fields of education or business or work for federal, state, and local governments.
 
APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.
Learning Outcome: 1-3
Topic: Profession of Psychology

129. Briefly describe Gestalt psychology and functionalism in one paragraph each. Also, compare and contrast these two approaches.
An important reaction to structuralism was the development of Gestalt psychology in the early 1900s. Gestalt psychology emphasizes how perception is organized.
Instead of considering the individual parts that make up thinking, gestalt psychologists took the opposite tack, studying how people consider individual elements together as units or wholes. Led by German scientists such as Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer, gestalt psychologists proposed that "The whole is different from the sum of its parts," meaning that our perception, or understanding, of objects is greater and more meaningful than the individual elements that make up our perceptions. Gestalt psychologists have made substantial contributions to our understanding of perception.
The perspective that replaced structuralism is known as functionalism. Rather than focusing on the mind's structure, functionalism concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions. Functionalists, whose perspective became prominent in the early 1900s, asked what role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to their environments. Led by the American psychologist William James, the functionalists examined how behavior allows people to satisfy their needs and how our "stream of consciousness" permits us to adapt to our environment.
 
APA Outcome: 3.1
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: Functionalism

130. You have been invited to participate in a program aimed at encouraging high school girls to pursue scientific careers. You wish to tell the girls that despite formidable obstacles, women made many important contributions to the science of psychology in its earliest days. Outline several points you might make in support of your argument.
Students’ answers may vary.
At the turn of the 20th century, women were often barred from pursuing advanced degrees in psychology. Nevertheless, many women made key contributions to the field, including:
Margaret Floy Washburn: She was the first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology and contributed to our understanding of animal behavior.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth: She focused on child development and women's issues and refuted the notion that women's abilities decline during portions of the menstrual cycle.
Mary Calkins: She studied memory and was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
Karen Horney: She focused on the sociocultural foundations of personality.
June Etta Downey: She spearheaded the study of personality traits and was the first woman to head a psychology department at a state university.
Anna Freud: She contributed to the treatment of abnormal behavior.
Mamie Phipps Clark: She performed foundational work on how children of color come to recognize racial differences.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-1
Topic: History of Psychology

131. List and briefly describe three major perspectives in contemporary psychology. Identify one or two prominent psychologists associated with each of the perspectives you list.
Psychodynamic perspective—the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control; Freud, Jung
Behavioral perspective—proposes that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study; Watson, Skinner
Humanistic perspective—proposes that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior; Maslow, Rogers
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the history and early foundations of psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Perspectives in Psychology

132. Describe a behavioral or mental phenomenon in which you are especially interested. Discuss how the phenomenon might be approached from at least two of the following perspectives: neuroscientific, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic.
Any behavioral or mental phenomenon might be mentioned as long as it is plausibly connected to two of the perspectives as they are defined in the text.
Example: Depression—the neuroscientific approach would seek the biological basis of depression, as well as physiologically-oriented treatment, whereas the cognitive perspective would focus on the type of thinking that contributes to depression, such as irrational beliefs that nothing good will ever happen and that one is bound to fail in any endeavor. Treatment from the cognitive perspective would focus on changing negative thought patterns.
 
APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Behavioral Perspective

133. Describe a current event or topic of public interest. Suggest how at least two of the major perspectives in contemporary psychology might shed light on the topic.
Any event or topic can be mentioned as long as it is plausibly connected to two of the perspectives as they are defined in the text.
Example: School violence—a behavioral approach might focus on a history of being reinforced for aggressive behavior, or on having witnessed media models being reinforced for aggressive behavior. A humanistic approach might suggest that violent students are often loners and relatively low status or powerless in their peer group and thus resort to drastic measures to gain power or control, or respect.
 
APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Name and summarize the key characteristics of the major approaches to psychology.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Behavioral Perspective
Topic: Humanistic Perspective

134. The text describes the role of psychology in addressing such current social concerns as a) the fallibility of eyewitness memory; b) economic recession; c) obesity; and d) terrorism. Select two of these issues and describe how psychologists in several different subfields might approach them. In your answer, make explicit reference to at least three of the following subfields: cognitive psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and cross-cultural psychology.
Students' answers may vary.
Examples might include the following:
Eyewitness memory: Cognitive psychologists might study the role of anxiety or arousal on eyewitness memory. Social psychologists might examine the influence of suggestion by such authorities as police officers and attorneys on eyewitness testimony.
Economic recession: Cognitive psychologists might look at the influence of economic adversity on consumer decision making. Personality psychologists might investigate the role of such traits as resilience and optimism in coping with economic downturns.
Obesity: Social psychologists might examine how other people influence one's eating behavior. Personality psychologists might explore the role of such traits as neuroticism in overeating, or conscientiousness in maintaining a diet regimen.
Terrorism: Social psychologists might examine the role of charismatic leaders in encouraging terrorist behavior. Cross-cultural psychologists might look to cultural factors such as religion in promoting terrorism.
Many other applications are possible.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 4.2
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 2-2
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

135. Identify and briefly describe any two of the key issues or controversies in psychology discussed in the text. Suggest how each of the issues or controversies you describe might surface in one or more areas of study in today's psychology.
The answer should identify and briefly define two of the following issues:
Nature vs. nurture—concerns the extent to which our behavior reflects heredity.
Conscious vs. unconscious causes—concerns the extent to which our behavior reflects causes of which we are completely unaware.
Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes—concerns the extent to which it is possible to study internal mental processes scientifically and the extent to which such processes are an appropriate focus for psychological study.
Free will vs. determinism—concerns the extent to which we freely choose the behaviors we perform.
Individual differences vs. universal principles—concerns the extent to which our thought and behavior is universally human.
The answer should provide a plausible instantiation of two of the above issues in a topic of interest to contemporary psychology. Example—Sexual orientation: Debates regarding the "gay gene" or anatomical brain differences between gay and straight men might be seen as reflecting nature vs. nurture, while the issue of whether homosexual behavior is a choice reflects free will versus determinism.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
APA Outcome: 4.2
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Key Issues and Controversies

136. Compare and contrast several major perspectives in contemporary psychology with respect to at least three of the key issues or controversies in psychology that your text outlines.
The answer should briefly describe or define at least three of the following key issues:
Nature vs. nurture-concerns the extent to which our behavior reflects heredity.
Conscious vs. unconscious causes—concerns the extent to which our behavior reflects causes of which we are completely unaware.
Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes—concerns the extent to which it is possible to study internal mental processes scientifically and the extent to which such processes are an appropriate focus for psychological study.
Free will vs. determinism—concerns the extent to which we freely choose the behaviors we perform.
Individual differences vs. universal principles—concerns the extent to which our thought and behavior is universally human.
The answer should then compare and contrast several major perspectives in contemporary psychology with respect to these issues. For example:
Nature vs. nurture—the behavioral perspective tends to endorse nurture, while neuroscience and evolutionary perspectives are more sympathetic to the notion that our behavior reflects heredity.
Conscious vs. unconscious causes—the psychodynamic perspective suggests that the roots of our behavior are often unconscious, while the cognitive perspective focuses on conscious thought processes.
Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes—the behavioral perspective suggests that psychologists should focus on behavior; the cognitive perspective argues that mental processes are an important focus of study.
Free will vs. determinism—the humanistic perspective champions free will, while the neuroscience perspective argues that much of our thought and behavior is biologically determined.
Individual differences vs. universal principles—the humanistic perspective is interested in the uniqueness of each individual; the neuroscience perspective looks for the basis of thought and behavior in our biological architecture, which is more or less universal.
 
APA Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the key issues for psychology and be able to identify statements that represent each issue.
Learning Outcome: 3-1
Topic: Perspectives in Psychology

137. It is the year 2031, ten years since you received a doctorate in psychology, and twenty since you took that first test in introductory psychology. Now a professor yourself, you wish to tell your own students how the field has changed since you began your study of psychology. Based on your text's discussion, which developments in science might you highlight?
The answer should mention some of these potential developments:
a. Psychology has become increasingly specialized.
b. Social neuroscience has flourished, becoming a thriving subfield in psychology.
c. Psychologists have become increasingly influential in shaping society's response to issues of public interest.
d. Psychology has become more diverse, and issues related to diversity have assumed increasing importance.
 
APA Outcome: 1.1
APA Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Topic: History of Psychology

138. You wish to help an aging family friend who is showing early signs of Alzheimer's disease. You hear about an inexpensive nutritional supplement that is supposed to slow or even reverse some of the memory losses associated with the onset of the disorder. Describe some of the steps you might take in thinking critically about the potential value of the supplement.
The answer should contain the following elements:
a. Evaluate the credentials of the individuals attesting to the supplement's effectiveness.
b. Search for high-quality, scientific research that might support or refute the value of the supplement.
c. Be aware that the low cost of the supplement may be "too good to be true." Can a low-cost supplement really help solve a difficult problem like the onset of dementia?
d. Maintain a healthy skepticism regarding any claims you might hear about the supplement's effectiveness.
 
APA Outcome: 3.1
APA Outcome: 4.1
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the development of psychology through the twentieth century and today.
Learning Outcome: 3-2
Topic: Psychology's Future